A Study Of The City Of Jaipur Environmental Sciences Essay

A Study Of The City Of Jaipur Environmental Sciences Essay The city of Jaipur, nestled in the rugged hills of Aravallis, popularly known as the Pink City, was founded in 1727 AD by one of the greatest rulers of the Kachhawaha clan, the astronomer king Sawai Jai Singh. The pink colour was used at the time of making to create an impression of red sandstone buildings of Mughal cities and repainted in 1876, during the visit of the Prince of Wales. The city is remarkable among pre-modern Indian cities for the width and regularity of its streets which are laid out into sectors separated by broad streets. Jaipur which means the city of victory was built exactly 273 years back and is 262 km by road from Delhi (Capital of India). A strong wall encircles the old city and even today has a suggestion of formidable strength; its function of protecting all within is obvious.   The plains of Rajasthan of which Jaipur is the capital once thundered and echoed with clash of swords and the drums of wars, Built in 1727 by Sawai Jai Singh-II, Jaipur was the first planned city of its time (the earlier planned city in northern India having been built near Taxila sometime in the 2nd century BC). Source: www.mapsofindia.com Jaipur was planned by Vidhyadhar Bhattacharya, a Bengali architect, who gave shape to the ideas of Sawai Jai Singh in a grid system with wide straight avenues, roads, streets and lanes and uniform rows of shops on either side of the main bazaars, all arranged in nine rectangular city sectors (chokris), planned on the basis of principles of `Shilp Shastra`. The city itself is an attractive creation worthy of universal admiration. The population size of the city is 2.5 million, as per Census 2001. The Municipal body was recognised in 1926 and a Municipal Act was in place in1929. Recently, it achieved the status of a Municipal Corporation and its jurisdiction spread over 64.75 sq.kms. The old city occupies 9.8 sq.kms. The average density of population works out at 38610 persons per sq km. amongst all the mega cities of the country, Jaipur ranks 11th with a total population of 2.3 million. It is one of the fastest growing mega cities of the country with an annual average growth rate of 4.5% whereas the national urban growth rate is only 2% as per Census of India, 2001. With its current growth trend, it is likely to supercede many other cities. Jaipur is thus a vibrant city. Earlier it was Urban Improvement Trust (UIT) who deals with the planning and maintenance part of the city but now it is Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) who deals with the planning and maintenance of the city. Historical Background: This section describes the spatial growth of Jaipur city since the time it was founded. The spatial growth pattern of Jaipur city is divided into four distinct phases which will enable us to understand the growth of city phase wise about the growth trends better. Phase I: 1727-1850 AD : The city was founded by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II in 1727 A.D, is one of the few planned cities of its times based on the principles of ancient town planning doctrine of Shilpa Shastra. The city conformed to the traditional walled city concept with the encircling wall and 9 entry gates. Jaipur walled city evolved as a grid-iron plan with the main road running almost east west along the ridge in the centre and the palace complex at the core. The buildings were built following a strict Architectural guideline. By 1734, the main markets of the town including various bazaars had been built. Hawa Mahal, the principle street of Jaipur, c. 1875Phase II: 1850-1930: During this phase, the city grew out of the confines of the walled city. The establishment of railway line in 1868 A.D fueled the growth of the city. During the Rajasthan Famine of 1868-69, Ramniwas Garden was constructed as part of the famine relief work. Modern water Works and Gas Works for lighting the city streets was also established during this phase. Phase III: 1930-1970 : In 1930s, five development schemes, Fateh Tiba, area south of Ramniwas Bagh, Ashok Nagar, New Colony in Jalu pura and Bani Park commonly known as A, B, C, D, E respectively were conceived to provide residential plots, land for public institutions and other amenities for the increasing population. Civil Lines area was developed primarily to house the Senior Government servants. Mirza Ismail (MI) Road was constructed as a ceremonial highway from Ajmer Road to Moti Doongri Road in the early 1940s. The Rajasthan University was inaugurated in 1947 thereby opening opportunities for the southward growth of the city. A sudden increase of population after partition was seen that was mainly due to the influx of refugees during this time. Jaipur then became the capital of Rajasthan leading to further attraction of administrative and economic activities. These factors led to increased development of residential areas to cater to the growing population. For instance, Bapu Nagar and Gandhi Nagar residential areas were developed towards south of the city. Development towards the Northwest of the city took place in the early sixties with the establishment of the Jhotwara Industrial Estate. Phase IV: Post 1970s: During the last 3 decades, the major growth direction has remained largely the same i.e., towards the southwest and northwest of the city. Spatial Integration of Jaipur city: The spatial integration of Jaipur city will be determined by the city land use assessment method changes in it can be analysed and the spatial planning tools techniques, which are responsible for the development also can be analysed. The land use assessment method will analyse the development and growth patterns in past as well as future direction of it. The land use of Jaipur city in 1971 has been compared with the existing land use in 1991 to find out the spatial analysis. Figure: 4.2.1 Landuse, 1971 Landuse, 1991 Source: Census of India, 1971 and 1991 Due to the lack of latest landuse data of city, the assessment is confined uptil the year 1991. There is a very sharp change in the some land uses like residential, public and semi public, and industrial sectors etc. The area under residential increased upto 62% in year 1991 while it was 51% in year 1971, under public semi public is decreased 17 % (1971) to 8 % (1991), also under circulation decreased from 17% (1971) to 12% (1991) but the area under governmental uses remains constant. In case of recreational area, also further decreased by 1% from 1971 to 1991, the area under industrial (7% to 10%) and commercial has an increase of 1%. JDA Land use constituentsThere are also 3 different constitutes in the Jaipur city named as: Walled city, the rest of Jaipur Municipal Corporation (JMC), and rest of Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) area. The largest proportion of all the developed land uses is concentrated in the JMC area and large proportion of undeveloped land is in the rest of JDA area  [1]  . In order to achieve spatial planned development, JDA prepared two master plans for the JDA area till now as a spatial planning tool. 1st Master Plan (1971-1991): The first master plan for 1971-1991 came into effect in May, 1976. It was prepared by the Town Planning Department under the Rajasthan Urban Improvement Act (1959). The master plan defines the objectives of the comprehensive development of the city along new 125 revenue villages Jaipur was proposed to be developed as major tourist destination for the horizon of 1991 and later it was extended for next years i.e.: till 1996. The proposals were made as follows: The Walled city Area: The population density was recommended as 700 persons per ha and other proposals were like tourist facilities, five star hotel in the Jal Mahal Lake shift of some industries from walled city area. Jaipur Nagar Nigam Area (JNN): The proposals were prepared for the additional areas in the periphery along the existing urbanized area and the proposals were prepared for residential, commercial, industrial and parks open spaces. There were also detailed proposals to develop whole sale markets industrial development by size, nature of the industries. Land use Analysis Existing vs ProposedThe proposals given in 1st master plan were not attained in various sectors. The variations in the proposed land use and actual land use which came up later can be seen. The area under residential sector was proposed as 52% but it increased up to 62% and there were decrease in the area under other sectors. There were other proposals which were proposed but the actual situation was totally different from them, are as followed: Due to the development of walled city as a CBD, the attraction of people to the central area increased traffic and congestion and pressure on CBD as well. The colonies and housing societies on outer skirts of the Jaipur city developed by private developers were lacking in proper infrastructure, amenities and the quality of services as RHB and UIT could not meet the housing stock. The concept of `working-living area relationship` and `Residential Area` couldn`t maintained in the city due to this fragmented development by private housing co-operative societies. Some of the commercial schemes could not implement due to the lack of suitable land acquisition and non-acceptance of organised commercial activities in the city. The industrial development could not attain according to the proposals due to land acquisition and presence of other activities like forest, redevelopment schemes etc. The principle of hierarchical development of residential, commercial and other facilities couldn`t achieved as per the plan due to haphazard development, violation of rules and regulations etc. The other proposals for facilities like medical, educational, recreational and tourism were also under same situation due to lack of land availability and acquisition, shift in the proposed locations etc. The next actions such as preparation of various plans like zonal development plans, functional plans, zoning and building regulations etc could not finalize due to the lack of successful implementation of 1st Master Plan. The analysis shows that there are serious gaps in the proposed and actual situation during year 1991. The reason for the wide gaps between them is a total violation of the proposals. There are several main factors which were also responsible for the non-implementation of the plan, are indicated below: Non availability of land with the Local Authorities (JDA and UIT) Lack of coordination among various departments in the city especially in case of UIT. As a result, it opened the doors for private co-operative societies and developers to handle the situation. Time delays in planning process like land acquisition by JDA due to the provisions of agricultural land conversion rules, ULCAR Act, 1976 etc. After the analysis, calculation of deviations between actual and proposed plan, JDA prepared the 2nd Master plan, to cover all those wide gaps and to achieve sustainable development of the Jaipur city for the horizon of 2011. 2nd Master Plan (1991-2011): The second Master Plan was conceived for 2011 for the Jaipur region and now its under proposals for the revision for the year 2021. This Master Plan was prepared in 1995 and came into force from 1998 under JDA Act, 1982. It covers the entire Jaipur region including new 6 satellite towns along with the Jaipur city. The total area of the Jaipur region is 1464 sq.km. the proposal of inner towns between Jaipur city and satellite tows to develop to accommodate the total projected population 42.2 lakhs by 2011. The proposed Master Plan proposed Jaipur region into 3 categories as: Rural Area, Ecological Zone and Urbanizable Area. Proposed Master Plan- 2011 Spatial Strategies for walled city: The second master plan has come up with strategies for each of the constituents of the JDA region. The spatial strategies for Walled City are described as:- No permission to be given for commercial complexes, shopping areas etc inside the walled city area. New building bylaws proposed for the walled city to reduce the density. Shifting of wholesale activities, traffic generating and intensive activities to areas outside. Parking would not be allowed inside the walled city on the main roads. The other tools and techniques like Rajasthan (State) Building Bye Laws, Rajasthan Urban Housing and Habitat Policy- 2006 and Rajasthan Conservation and Heritage Byelaws, 1961 etc were used in the spatial development of the Pink city. After the migration of people to suburbs/outer skirts which can be explained as a spatial contiguity, the concept of satellite towns becomes a spatial planning tools for the local authorities to integrate the spatial development of the `Pink City`. According to Master Development Plan-2011, there were 32 urban nodes which were catering the urban functions so 12 of them which were under Jaipur Urbanizable area, identified and selected as Satellite Towns and Inner Ring Towns to accommodate future population (7 Lakhs as per MDP-2011). These towns will function as urban nodes of Jaipur region and primarily characterised by principle activity like commercial, industrial and recreational etc. The new spatial planning tools and techniques like Zoning codes by introduction of Zonal Development Plans to achieve the most appropriate development of land in the context of development policies and land use proposals given in the Master Development Plan, Land use plan -2011 for Jaipur region (Urbanizable area). After the land use assessment of Jaipur city, the following section describes the aspects like housing, traffic transportation and heritage management to explore problems/issues arise in these aspects and other spatial planning tools techniques which were used in the spatial development of the city. Housing: This section assesses the housing situation of the city specifically in the walled city (Old Area) to understand the spatial integration in terms of housing. If we look at the housing scenario of the city, the number of houseless population has increased in the past ten years thereby indicating a housing gap. The data given in table below shows the clear picture as: Table: 4.2.2 Housing Scenario Source: Census of India, 2001. JMC Housing Stock: On the total housing stock the most predominant use is residential (75%) of the total houses and others are like shops and offices (15%), rest have very minor proportion in account of total proportion. The occupancy rate in the city was 7.2 % in the past decade while it has been seen that it was more in walled city and in the other areas of municipal boundary while it was less in JDA area. But now in days, occupancy rate is high at the periphery of the city because of migration of people from the inner area to the new area, townships, new developments etc. There are various factors behind the migration are like easier availability of land at periphery with different options like big plots, location etc, too much congestion in the walled city area and municipal area, land prices are very high in the central core etc. Housing Type Condition: The city overall has a relatively flatted development but within the walled city, only G+2 structures are predominant. Now in days multi-storeyed buildings can be seen in JMC and other areas of JDA. The housing conditions vary within the city. A qualitative analysis of housing conditions has been done for the walled city is described as: Table: 4.2.3 Housing Condition Source: CDP, Jaipur Source: CDP, JaipurHousing Supply: -The housing development in the whole city can be categorised into 4 types i.e. traditional housing, Formal housing and informal housing. The housing in the walled city is a type of traditional housing. The houses are around 100 to 150 years old and are built in typical Rajasthani architecture style. Mostly, the houses are two storied with decorated doors, windows and chhajjas (projections) etc. Housing Stakeholders: The total housing supply in the Jaipur is through six sources : JDA  [2]  , Rajasthan Housing Board (RHB), Private Developers, the Co-Operative societies, the traditional houses in the walled city the slums (kacchi bastis). In case of walled city, most of the houses come under traditional housing. The proportion of housing supply provided by all of these sources is given below as: New Developments in Housing: In the light of Rajasthan Urban Housing and Habitat Policy- 2006  [3]  , there are new developments which can be categorized as: group housing schemes, redevelopment schemes, flats of RHB and new townships at the outskirts of the city. In case of walled city, redevelopment schemes are taking place, and under these schemes individuals are allotted plots of an area 40 sq.mts  [4]  while JMC and JDA are responsible for the implementation process of redevelopment schemes. Problems/Issues in Walled City: There are various problems/issues related with housing in the walled city which are major concern for the authorities. These are listed as: Most of the houses are very old like built around 100-150 years back and they are in dilapidated condition especially in the market area which are occupied by lower income groups (LIG`s). Most of the area of walled city is facing poor infrastructure facilities. Due to high population density, the houses are overcrowded with families leads to unhealthy living environment. Most of the housed occupied by Middle Income groups (MIG`s) and Lower Income groups (LIG`s) have no open spaces, houses are semi-pucca or kaccha, some of them are without toilets and electricity connections. Water supply is only through public taps or old wells only and the ventilation in the houses in not adequate. Missing of unique character (Pink Colour) in new housing developments of the `Pink City`. The housing problems/issues are also becoming prime concern in spatial integration of the Jaipur city especially in the walled city. The increase in housing demand and lack in housing supply by local authorities, use of spatial planning tools such as redevelopment/regeneration schemes in old (Walled city) areas, neighbourhood planning on the outer skirts through private developers, incoming development of slums (Kacchi Bastis) etc are creating a big threat for the spatial character of the `Pink City`. Traffic and Transportation: Traffic and transpiration is also an integral part of the spatial integration of the Jaipur city. As Jaipur is one of the metropolitan cities in the country with a population of over 2.5 million and is observed to be growing at very fast rate. Besides being the capital city of Rajasthan, the city of Jaipur is a major tourist centre in the country as well. Major portions of economic activities of the city are located in walled city area, spreading over 9.8 sq.kms. This area is, besides having heavily concentrated activities, a very important tourist centre and attracts tourists from all over the globe. The economic activities in the form of wholesale trade, commerce, household industries, administration and tourist spots generate heavy traffic to and from these areas. The limited road space of the area is congested with vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The shopkeepers and vendors also occupy the sidewalks and carriageways. Consequently the traffic in these areas is facing acute conge stion, bottlenecks and hazards. The environmental pollution as well as physical and visual intrusions are also some of the other problems increasingly faced by the residents and the visitors to the area. In case of transportation facilities, only bus service is operated throughout the city by public sector and the other modes are like private taxis, auto-rickshaws, animal driven vehicles, rickshaws, private mini buses etc are used as transport facility. The situation of parking in the walled city is also in haphazard condition. Parking demand in the walled city area is met mainly by roadside parking along all major roads and there is no major off-street parking facility. With the ever increasing parking demand the vehicles are parked in two rows on carriageways. Footpaths are also filled with parked vehicles. While there is heavy demand for parking, the limited enforcement of regulatory measures fails to control and manage the parking problems. The following pictures will describe the nature and extent of traffic, parking problems in the walled city. On street parking on the major roads of walled city Animals are very common for transportation of goods on Jaipur roads causes congestion slow traffic Street Hawkers/vendors along the roads in the walled city Mixed Traffic Problems/Issues in the Walled City: The pressure on the roads of walled city can be easily observed due to encroachments by on street parking, hawkers/vendors and excessive commercialization and mixed vehicular movement. There is a lack of proper traffic management system in the old area as well as in the whole city like no regulations on mixed traffic, no maintenance of signals junctions, animals are moving freely in the daily traffic etc. The public transport facility is also inadequate due to insufficient number of vehicles like buses etc. for transportation. Parking is also a major issue in the walled city due to lack of parking spaces and due to this, leads to other issues like on street parking, encroachments on the roads etc. The through traffic of National Highway (NH) -8 is creating problems in the city in terms of congestion, air noise pollution, The traffic and transportation system in the Jaipur city is still facing number of problems although various departments like JDA, PWD, Transport Department, RSRTC, JNN etc are in coordination with each other to solve the issues/problems related with it. The proposals in the layout of grid-iron pattern development as ring roads, bye-pass, Mass Rapid Transportation System (MRTS), terminals for buses and trucks etc are still in pipeline but Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) under JNNURM scheme as a spatial planning tool is a main achievement to the date to address the traffic problems in the city. Heritage Management: Heritage is a word which expresses the character of Jaipur city. The city is known as the `Pink City` which is very rich famous for its heritage culture. Due to rapid urbanisation, the new developments are coming but still the city has fascinating heritage from its earlier times. In Jaipur, all the historical buildings are described into three classes as: royal palaces forts, temples and museums. Each heritage building has different history and different characteristics. Most of the buildings are situated in the walled city area and others are in municipal area. The historical Buildings which are situated in the city are as: Walled City Area JMC Area City Palace Complex Amber Fort Hawa Mahal Amber Palace Jantar Mantar Jaigarh Nawab Sahib Ki Haveli Nahargarh Swargasuli or Isar Lat Motidoongari Maharani Ki Chhatri Jal Mahal Place Ram Niwas Garden Rambagh Place Albert Hall Gaitor Jagat Shiromani Temple Ghat Ki Guni So, there are 8 buildings which are situated in the walled city and 10 buildings are in JMC area. There are other historical components which has unique values. These includes like bazaars (Commercial area), water tanks, small temples and chabutras. These are 100-250 years old built. Besides this, JDA has identified total 300 historic buildings into the various parts in the walled city and categorized into different levels as per their area. The existing situation of the walled city is assessed on the basis of current status and condition of these historical monuments. The JMC bye laws are violated and traditional planning system has no use in the present time in the walled city. An existing situation analysis  [5]  shows it very clearly as follows: The Rajasthan Conservation and Heritage Byelaws, 1961 also guides about the conservation of historical properties and many agencies (Governmental, Private and NGO`s) are working towards conservation of those historical monuments but somehow these rules and regulations are also violated which threats to the unique historical character of the `Pink City`. Problems/Issues in the Walled City: Due to excessive commercialization, it leads to the major traffic congestion in the streets and the irregular construction of shops in streets; Chhajas (projections) in front of shops have disturbed the fabric of historical streets. The encroachments on streets also spoiled the character image of streets and led to congestion in traffic movement too. Due to lack of sufficient parking spaces, the on street parking becomes a major problem for the loss of cultural fabric of street traffic congestion. The maintenance and Lack of infrastructure facilities like water supply, sewerage, garbage collection and solid waste management in the inner streets also creates unhealthy environment which may disturb the character of inner areas. Due to the lack of rules and regulations for heritage walkways, they have lost their historical image. The maintenance of heritage buildings under private ownership is not adequate, and some of them have converted into modern buildings. The conservation rules regulations are violated in the walled city due to lack of co-ordination among different departments. Heritage buildings are treated as only commercial spots without the proper conservation and protection. As `Pink City` is famous for its rich heritage and historical background but due to lack of attention and awareness by local authorities and people, it is facing number of problems related to its heritage. Somehow planning officials included the conservation of historical monuments and developments of significant tourist spots as a planning policy and principle in the Landuse Plan-2011 but still there are other number of concerns regarding the heritage and cultural character of the city which should be addressed as well.

Psychology and Multitasking Talent

Issue Analysis Written Response : Multitasking Findings In the current society, many individuals of different gender intends on doing multitasking by finishing the task instantly. Both multitasking and divided attention have comparable implication. Some researcher’s able to proof that between the both genders, there are no significant differences in their multitasking. However, women are naturally better at multitasking as they juggled more tasks than man. There are several reasons that women multitask better than man in manner of biological differences, frequency on juggling tasks and abilities on multitasking.Firstly, woman leads towards a greater biological difference than man. Women’s have large part of â€Å"Corpus callosum† in the brain which stimulates two conversation simultaneously (Halpern, 2000). Next, majority of man would rather focus using single hint while woman mingled multiple ideas from the atmosphere (Williams & Meck, 1990). In fact, the operat ional IQ in man decrease significantly compared to woman while performing demanding tasks (Wilson & Packard, 2005). Secondly, women are capable in juggling large amount of task frequently.Women usually carry on the lion’s share of house chores and babysitting while holding down their own career job (ABCScience, 2011). Then, as their own family turn on the heat towards them to juggle great amount of task and so they become naturally better at multitasking (Spence, 2012). Furthermore, woman accomplish for the most severe classes of multitasking in the domestic labor such as scutwork and babysitting (Liana, 2007). Finally, woman surpasses man due to superiority in multitasking abilities.Most specifically, women tend to achieve task at considerably higher stage than man as they demonstrate their natural talent for multitasking (Bratley, n. d). Next, women might inherent the ability to be more dynamic and accurate by doing task fruitfully when compared to man (Criss, 2006). In add ition, women are capable in casting for just a brief time of period while they are juggling with other tasks (Richard, 2010). In conclusion, woman has a greater advantage at multitasking as in biological differences, frequency on juggling tasks and multitasking abilities than man. With their atural abilities, it allows them to be evenly productive and easily accomplish task simultaneously. Without a doubt, women may have possessed by these advantages to enhanced ability to multitask. Therefore, women are better at multitasking than men as women are naturally talented at it. Processes Based on the expedition done for this report, several sources were obtained substantially from the internet and online databases. Majority of the sources were suitable as the topic has been selected. The information gathered was composed of two journals, six articles and three books as the sources discuss about multitasking between two genders.In fact, the reliability and credibility are reasonable for all sources obtained that shows appropriate evidence to support my argument. All the sources are considered credible and accurate as the sources are being updated and the author’s are well experienced in the particular field. Therefore, it is safe to assume that the sources are trusted and precise according to the credibility. However, some sources are questionable because it didn’t relate with the argument such as written by several authors about discoveries from movies and games, negative effects and gender differences between children on multitasking.Reference List 1. Marybeth, J. , Mattingly, Sayer, Liana, C. , 2006. â€Å"Under Pressure: Gender Differences in the Relationship between Free Time and Feeling Rushed†. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 205-221. 2. Lippa, R. , 1998. Gender-related differences and the structure of vocational interests: The importance of the people-things dimension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 996-1009. 3 . Lieberman, M. D. , & Rosenthal, R. ,2001. Why introverts can’t always tell who likes them: Multitasking and nonverbal decoding.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 294–310. 4. Offer, S. & Schneider, B. , 2011. â€Å"Revisiting the Gender Gap in Time-Use Patterns: Multitasking and Well-Being among Mothers and Fathers in Dual-Earner Families†Ã‚  American Sociological Review  76. 6[Online]. 809 -833. Available at http://www. asanet. org/images/journals/docs/pdf/asr/Dec11ASRFeature. pdf [Accessed 03 March 2013] 5. Stumpf, H. , 1993. Performance factors and gender related differences in spatial ability: Another assessment. Memory and Cognition, 21, 828-836. 6. Voyuer, D. , Voyer, S. amp; Bryden, M. P. , 1995. Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin. 117, 250-270. 7. Liana, C. S. , 2007, Gender Differences in the Relationship between Long Employee Hours and Mult itasking. 17, 403-435. 8. Hyde, J. S. & Lynn, M. C. , 1988. Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 104, 53-69. 9. Ruble, D. , Martin, C. L. , & Berenbaum, S. A. , 2006. Gender Development. In W. Damon and R. M. Lerner (Eds. ), Handbook of Child Psychology. , 858-932. 10. [email  protected] School of Business , 2011. Gender Differences: Finding the Measure for Multitasking Talent. Human Resources, [Online]. Available at: http://knowledge. asb. unsw. edu. au/article. cfm? articleid=1382   [Accessed 01 March 2013] 11. Spence, S. T. , 2012. The Straight Dope: Are woman better at multitasking than men? [Online]. Available at http://www. straightdope. com/columns/read/3078/are-women-better-at-multitasking-than-men [Assessed on 02 March 2013] 12. CRISS, B. R. , 2006. Gender Differences in Multitasking.National Undergraduate Research Clearinghouse [Online], 9. Available at http://www. webclearinghouse. net/volume/9/CRISS-GenderDiff. php. [Accessed 03 March 2013] 13. Bratley, M. , n. d. HealthGuidanc : HealthGuidance for better health. Multi-tasking: Differences Between Man and Woman. [Online]. Available at http://www. healthguidance. org/entry/13973/1/Multi-Tasking–Differences-Between-Men-and-Women. html [Accessed 01 March 2013] 14. Richard, G. , 17 July 2010. â€Å"Scientists prove that women are better at multitasking than men†Ã‚  Telegraph  [Online].Available at http://www. telegraph. co. uk/science/science-news/7896385/Scientists-prove-that-women-are-better-at-multitasking-than-men. html [Accessed 03 March 2013] 15. ABCScience, 2011. Are woman better multi-taskers than man? : Are women better at multi-tasking than men? And does being a parent improve your ability to do more than two things at once? [Online]. Available at http://www. abc. net. au/science/articles/2011/08/11/3291311. htm [Accessed 03 March 2013] 16. James, Thomas, W. , & Kimura. D. , 1997. â€Å"Sex

Whos Concerned About A Doll House Essay Topics and Why You Should Pay Attention

Who's Concerned About A Doll House Essay Topics and Why You Should Pay Attention The production within this report is done by the Young Vic production. In the start, all seems well. Lighting Lighting was dim through out the full play to demonstrate the lighting in the home. Act Three opens on the next moment. Ok, I Think I Understand A Doll House Essay Topics, Now Tell Me About a Doll House Essay Topics! Nothing is likely to stop her now, she will do whatever she can to make certain everyone is better off. Naturally, you're welcome to interpret and change our topics the way that you want to create titles more ideal for your requirements. If an excellent topic isn't sufficient to inspire you to academic heroism, it's no huge deal. The couple won't need to be concerned about money anymore. Today, it's published in 78. Besides I truly don't require any help whatsoever. Dramatic irony is as soon as the audience knows something a character doesn't know. His realization which he had fallen in the opinion of a woman whom he felt condescendingly about heightens the feeling of tragedy. In this clip of false felicity is as soon as the prevarications begin. It turned out to be a good moment of joy. His purpose is to preserve the visual appeal of respectability and make certain his continued acceptance in society. The position of an individual dependent on the established sacred institutions usually indicates a person's status in a social group. It raises the concerns this practice denied women a chance to contribute and take part in economic and political matters. Consequently, the masculine perspective measures feminine conduct throughout that period. Furthermore, social inequality is being brought out as the principal supply of internal conflicts. Additionally, social mobility describes the capacity of an individual to comfortably fit among the well-known individuals in society. Each person's economic and societal conditions undermine their relations with other folks. His marriage was eventually ruined as a consequence of his overbearing attitude and shortage of love. The subject of the play acts as a crystal clear illustration of feminism. Besides, it reveals internal thoughts from different characters. Religion The play occurs around Christmas. It's quite impossible, however, to compose an entire play with this kind of a particular problem in mind. Over the length of the play, but the growth of Nora's character indicates the audience that her ways are just a cover for the emptiness she feels each day. She was regarded as inferior and so not able to hold key positions in leadership and even carry out any crucial role locally. She's the person who gains audience empathy, who grows through the span of the play. Discuss Nora's development for a character over the span of the play. The Lost Secret of a Doll House Essay Topics Nora contemplates suicide so as to eliminate the dishonor she has wrought upon her family members. She knows the power of secrets. She proved to be courageous as well, as she was willing to break the law just to ensure her husband's well-being and of course, his health. She seems completely happy. So that the undertaking is just to discover the shortest path through the forest. They are greatly adoptive in various areas of the planet. She can't decide on whom to welcome within her family members, ne ither can she decide about what to do in it. The 30-Second Trick for a Doll House Essay Topics By the conclusion of Act Two, it looks like Torvald is bound to discover the reality. If you're tasked to write a college essay, you're not alone. This is the start of her realization. The letter stays in the letterbox. Nora's case might be touching on the problem of feminism, based on a personal perspective. You might close with a type of thesis statement to indicate what you're going to do with theis info. At the conclusion of the above mentioned statement, she adds Oh, I can't bear to consider it! Costume The costume for the two women and men show what class they'd be in the nineteenth century. They still have to deal with brutal setbacks such as rape culture in Alice Birch's Revolt. They are seen to be affected by this type of treatment from men and as such, fail to realize and exploit their main potential in society. They are often close to their children. Ibsen demonstrates that she's able to choose the step from the marriage like an unaffiliated individual. This is the state of women as at when Ibsen composes the play.

Advanced First Aid - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5371 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Customer Service Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION â€Å"No man can reveal to you ought but that which already lies half asleep in the dawning of your knowledge. The teacher who walks in the shadow of the temple, among his followers, gives not of his wisdom but rather of his faith and his lovingness. † – Khalil Gibran – The Prophet This course belongs to YOU, and its success depends largely on you. Please enter into discussions ENTHUSIASTICALLY. Please feel free to share your EXPERIENCE with us. Please feel free to say what you think, even if you DISAGREE. You have been given an evaluation form. Please complete this form honestly as your feedback is vital for the improvement of the services G. T. S. C. provides to you. A customer complaint form is available from the instructor. If you have any complaint regarding any facet of the course or facility, please obtain this form and complete it. Completing the customer complaint form will in no way have any effect on your grading and/or passing of the course. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS COURSE: To give you a good overview of the principals of advanced first aid, shock, first aid safety, patient assessment, bleeding and wounds, fractures, choking and C. P. R. To help you to reach an acceptable level of providing practical patient treatment. FIRST AID is the initial assistance given for any victim before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor or other qualified person. The purpose of having people trained in First Aid is to provide help and care to the injured or sick, for the shortest possible time, until the care of the patient or victim can be taken over to a better-qualified person. In your working environment the better-qualified person can be the medical clinic staff, the ship’s doctor or nurse, or even the land-based ambulance staff. The fact that you will hand over your patient to another person doesn’t make what you are doing any less important. It is vitally important for any seriously injured or s ick person to receive help as soon as possible, and first aiders are trained for this specific reason – to give help and treatment as soon as possible. A first aider, or a person trained in first aid meets the following conditions: He/She is trained by a suitable instructor in specific fields of first aid, according to the guidelines as determined by an international recognized first aid institution. In order to stay current in first aid, the first aider should be examined and tested regularly, preferably every year, since first aid protocols, and more specific CPR protocols, changes almost yearly. The first aider should be re-examined on a regularly basis in order to ensure his/her first aid capability and proficiency. It is also expected from the first aider to ensure that he/she stays up to date in any changes which may occur, obtaining theoretical information through reputable publications or web sites such as the web site of the American Heart Association (www. aha. c om). Should the first aider learn about new guidelines, or changes in existing guidelines, he/she should adopt such guidelines and seek the guidance and help of qualified instructors in case of any difficulty. Research has shown that first aiders who are proficient in CPR, loses 60% of their practical skills if they don’t practice CPR within one year of the previous official training they received. This makes it very important to practice CPR at least yearly, if not every six months. PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID In the world first aid has been as much a part of the culture as drinking tea. Caring volunteers and individuals performed a much-needed service to the sick and injured and laid the foundations for the formal first aid organizations such as St John Ambulance and the Red Cross. The period between the World Wars saw an increased awareness in the community of the benefits of first aid and the combining of other activities, such as surf life saving, with first aid traini ng. It was not until the 1960s and 1970s that the general public became involved by attending first aid classes and using this newfound knowledge to their benefit. First aid training has now become virtually indispensable to industry and for an active social life. What is first aid? First aid is the initial care of the injured or sick. It is the care administered by a concerned person as soon as possible after an accident or illness. It is this prompt care and attention that sometimes means the difference between life and death, or between a full or partial recovery. First aid has limitations not everybody is a doctor but it is an essential and vital part of the total medical concept. FIRST AID SAVES LIVES! sk any ambulance officer or doctor who works in the emergency medical field. Immediate action It is important that any action taken by the first aid provider is done as quickly as possible. Quick action is necessary to preserve life and limb. A casualty who is not breathing effectively, or is bleeding copiously, requires immediate intervention, and if quick effective first aid is provided, then the casualtys chances of recovery are improved immeasurably. It should be remembered though that any action undertaken is to be deliberate and panic by the first aid provider and bystanders will not be eneficial to the casualty. Try to remain calm and think your actions through. How do I get help? To get expert medical assistance, call an ambulance on ‘998’, alternatively you can call the police on 999. If your company has a medical clinic on site, it is better to call the clinic staff and let them decide whether it is necessary to call an outside ambulance. If you are attending a casualty, get a bystander to telephone for help if you are on your own, then you may have to leave the casualty momentarily to make a call. Its common sense, the decision is yours! Medic alert Some individuals suffer from certain medical conditions that may cause them to present with serious signs and symptoms at any time. As a form of assistance and notification, these people may wear a form of medical identification, usually a special bracelet, or less commonly, a necklace. These devices are commonly referred to as Medic Alert bracelets, but are also known as Vial of Life and SOS Talisman. They are stamped with the persons identity, the relevant medical condition, and other details which may include allergies, drugs required, or specialized medical contact. Medical conditions that may be notified vary from specific heart diseases, to diabetes, epilepsy, asthma etc. AIMS OF FIRST AID The aims of first aid are basically the preservation of life, the prevention of worsening of he patients’ condition and the promotion of recovery of the patient. The preservation of life is the most important function of the first aider, and this specific function can easily be accomplished and demonstrated in the choking victim or the patient going into sudden cardiac arrest. In both these cases, the immediate, correct and efficient treatment given by the irst aider can really save the life. In these cases, if the patient has to wait for advanced life support as rendered by higher trained medical staff, the waiting time can very well mean the end of the patient – THERE IS NO TIME TO WAIT help must be given immediately, and the first aider is the best and most readily available person to do this. The second aim of first aid, the prevention of the worsening of condition, is part of the scope of the first aider. For example, if somebody falls and break his upper leg (fracture of the femur), the patient can loose up to 1500ml body fluids because of the facture. If the patient is allowed to move around with an unsplinted or unstable fracture, the amount of body fluids lost can double. Losing more body fluids will result in greater shock and the worsening of the patient’s condition, even to such a point that the patient may die. The third aim – to promote recovery will be fulfilled if the first aider renders effective, indicated treatment. As in the example mentioned in the above paragraph, the early stabilizing of the fracture reduces fluid loss, combats shock and relieves swelling and pain. These combined factors will surely lead to a faster recovery of the patient, not only in helping recovery. SCABCS SCABCS is the prime consideration for everyone involved in the care and treatment of casualties. Experienced first aid providers, ambulance crews, nurses and medical specialists, are all-aware of the importance of Safety, Communication, Airway, Breathing, Circulation and Stop profuse bleeding Safety †¢ to yourself: dont put yourself in danger! †¢ to others: dont allow bystanders to be exposed to danger! †¢ to the casualty: remove the danger from the casualty, or the casualty from the danger! If it is not safe to touch or treat the patient, then don’t! Part of safety includes protecting yourself against infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are those diseases that cause infections to the human body, and in some cases are transmitted by contact or by cross-infection. Infection may be due to bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi. The usual methods of communication are; direct contact (contact with an infected person), indirect contact (through faeces, air conditioning, or similar), or through a host (insects, worms). Many deadly infectious diseases have been eradicated in the world, but several, such as poliomyelitis (a virus), are again on the increase. Many are preventable by immunization. Some, such as the Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV), have no cure or medical prevention. Examples of infectious diseases are: PARASITIC INFECTIONS: Malaria, tapeworm, hookworm, itch mites, pubic and body lice. FUNGAL INFECTIONS: Ringworm, tinea (Athletes Foot), thrush. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS: Throat infections, whooping cough, diphtheria, rheumatic feve r, tuberculosis strains, cholera, staphylococcus infection, and some forms of meningitis. VIRAL INFECTIONS: Measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis, influenza, chicken pox, HIV, SARS, common cold, bronchitis. The human body has natural defences against infection, and remains immune to certain types. Immunity is usually achieved by previous exposure to a particular infection, with resultant chemical antibodies being produced. The blood contains leukocytes (white blood cells), which assist in the production of antibodies. The leukocytes and antibodies combat any infection, which invades the body. Unfortunately, the bodys natural defences work slowly and cannot cope adequately with particularly virulent nfections. It is at this stage that the body requires help in the form of medically prescribed antibiotics or similar drugs. Advice on general precautions that can be offered by the first aid provider are: (avoid direct contact with infection (avoid transmitting infection (care of the sus ceptible, i. e. , the ill, the elderly, the very young (care in nutrition and preparation of food (maintenance of personal hygiene (maintenance of sanitary standards There is no definitive first aid treatment for infectious diseases. However, the first aid provider should be familiar with the signs and symptoms of the common diseases, and provide advice to the infected person to seek appropriate medical attention. Communication †¢ use the shake and shout method! †¢ is the casualty alert? †¢ is the casualty drowsy or confused? †¢ is the casualty unconscious, but reacting? †¢ is the casualty unconscious with no reaction? Level of consciousness refers to the level of brain function detectable. Prior to continuing the examination of the patient, we need to determine the level of consciousness. The level of consciousness can be divided into hundreds of small steps, each step referring to a different level of brain function. In basic first aid, we are primar ily concerned with the following levels of consciousness: |Alert and responsive |Responds to verbal or physical stimuli, knows who, where and what. | |Disorientated and confused |May respond to verbal and physical stimuli but does not know who, where or what | |Stuporous but arousable |Responds to verbal and/or physical stimuli omentarily | |Unconscious |Responds only to physical stimuli, will respond to painful stimuli | |Comatose |Breathing and heartbeat present, does not respond to verbal stimuli, may respond to painful | | |stimuli | |Clinically dead |Breathing and/or heart function may be present, no detectable brain function present | |Biological dead |No body or brain functions present | | | | Airway †¢ is the airway open and clear? †¢ is there noisy breathing? †¢ are there potential obstructions such as blood? Breathing †¢ look to see if the chest and/or abdomen moves! †¢ look for signs of breathing – general appearance of the patient If the c asualty is conscious, then treat the injuries or illness according to the signs and symptoms. If the casualty is unconscious, and breathing spontaneously, place him or her in the recovery or lateral position, then treat any injuries. If the casualty is unconscious, and not breathing, then commence resuscitation as required, according to the CPR protocol Stop profuse bleeding If any excessive (profuse) bleeding is present, this must be controlled as soon as possible. In general, profuse bleeding will be bleeding from an artery – seldom this bleeding will be from veins. Wounds, bleeding and control of bleeding will be discussed in detail later on during this course. CPR CHOKING Basic Life Support (BLS) is the part of emergency care that prevents respiratory or cardiac arrest through prompt recognition and intervention, or supports the ventilation and circulation of a victim of cardiac arrest by means of Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). [1] BLS can therefore be seen as the provision of external cardiac/chest compressions, accompanied by artificial ventilation.. The major objective of performing CPR is to supply oxygen to the vital organs until such time that advanced care can be given, or until the victim’s own body functions are restored. The patient, whose circulation or breathing has been interrupted for less than 4 minutes, has an excellent chance to recover fully if BLS is performed within 4 minutes, and ACLS follows within the first 8 minutes. The longer it takes before BLS and ACLS are rendered, the smaller the chance for survival (Table 1). The Sequence of Adult BLS Unresponsiveness Before you touch any patient, you should ensure that you have Latex (or similar) gloves on both hands, to protect you against any disease the patient may have. To determine if a patient is unresponsive, you should talk to the patient, and gently shake the shoulders of the patient. Care should be taken if the patient has had, or could have sustained trauma, since the shaking of a trauma patient’s shoulders could cause paralysis in a patient with a cervical spine injury. Trauma patients should not be shaken, and in this case â€Å"touch and talk† is safer that â€Å"shout and shake†[30] Remember that the unresponsive patient you may encounter, could be unresponsive due to an anxiety attack, hypoglycaemic coma or even because the patient took his prescribed sleeping tablet. In this case the patient may not respond to talking, shouting or shaking, same as the deaf patient will not respond to talking. In most cases, it is more advisable to give a pain stimulus to an unconscious patient if he/she didn’t reach to â€Å"touch and talk† or â€Å"shake and shout†. Pain should be given only to determine the level of unconsciousness and must be given to the patient in such a way that it cannot be described as assault or leave any damage to the patient. A safe way of giving pain is to press dow n on the fossa (depression) behind the collar bone, at the root of the neck. Airway If the patient is unresponsive, you should determine if the patient is breathing. In order to determine patient respiration, you must ensure that the airway is open, and the only way to be sure that the airway is open, is to open it manually. Before opening the airway, the patient should be positioned supine. If you suspect the patient has received any trauma (injury, falling down, etc. ), the patient must be treated as though he has spinal injuries. You cannot simply turn the patient. You should roll the patient as a unit, keeping the spinal column intact and aligned [31]. Once the patient is supine, you should position yourself at the victims’ side. In a supine unconscious patient, the most common cause for airway obstruction is the tongue, falling back against the back of the throat. 16] Since the tongue is attached to the lower jaw, moving the lower jaw away from the back of the throat will move the tongue away from the back of the throat and open the airway. Use the HEAD TILT-CHIN LIFT method of opening the airway by following these steps: 1. place one hand on the forehead of the patient and apply firm backward pressure to tilt the head back. 2. place the fingers of the other hand under the bony part of the lower jaw. 3. lift the chin forward and support the jaw, helping to tilt the head backwards. 4. the mouth should not be closed when lifting the chin. [32] Breathing The first objective after opening the airway is to determine if the patient is breathing or not. To determine if the patient is breathing, you should LOOK, LISTEN FEEL: 1. Look at the patient’s chest and observe if there are any raising and falling movements of the chest present. (If the patient is a male, you will have a better chance to observe upper abdomen movement since men use the diaphragm primarily breathing, while woman tend to use the intercostal muscles primarily for breathing . ) 2. With your ears close to the mouth of the patient, you should listen and feel and for any air moving into or out of the patient’s mount or nose. If no air is exhaled, and no chest movement can be detected, the patient is in respiratory arrest. The evaluation procedure should take between 3 and 5 seconds. [33] If the patient is breathing after the airway is opened, the patient should be placed in the recovery position. A trauma patient should not be moved without special precautions. Your actions will be determined by the nature of the breathing, the history of the patient and your own level of training and expertise. Ventilation Ventilations must be given if the patient is not breathing. Whichever device you use, you should initially give two slow ventilations, each ventilation lasting 1 second. The 1-second time period for ventilation is necessary in order to deliver slow inspiratory breaths. By giving the ventilations with a slow inspiratory flow rate and avoid the trapping of air in the lungs between ventilations, the possibility of exceeding the oesophageal opening pressure will be less. It should result in less gastric distension, regurgitation and aspiration. [37] Care must be taken not to ventilate with excessive volume, since the excessive air can go only to the stomach. Ventilate only until the chest rises. Exhalation is a passive phenomenon and occurs primarily during chest compressions if CPR is being performed. [37] Although mouth-to-mouth ventilation is effective, it should be avoided because of the dangers of cross-infection. It can however be given to somebody which you know have no infectious disease, like your own small child. In all other patients, a barrier-device must be used to ventilate. Two types of barrier devices are available and acceptable: masks and face shields. Masks have a one-way-valve to prevent the air escaping from the patient to come in contact with the ventilator. Face shields have no valve, the only p rotection it gives is against direct contact, which makes face shields almost impractical. [8] A facemask is used in the following way: 1. Place the mask around the patient’s mouth and nose using the bridge of the nose as a guide for the correct position. 2. Grab the lower jaw and thrust it upwards against the mask, which you are pressing downwards with your thumbs and index fingers of both hands. 3. Ventilate through the one-way valve and observe that the chest is rising. 4. Remove the mask and allow the air to escape from the patient’s lungs. If the mask is equipped with a one-way valve, there is no need to remove the mask after each ventilation. [19] Repeat the four steps. A more effective method of ventilation is using a bag-valve-mask (BVM), since a BVM delivers at least 21% oxygen whereas expired air ventilation delivers maximum 16% oxygen. A BVM should be used as follows: 1. Choose the proper size mask for the patient. The wide base of the mask should fit snu gly between the chin prominence and the lower lip, and extend to cover the bridge of the nose at its apex. 2. Ensure that the cuff of the mask is inflated in order to create a seal between the mask and the patient. 3. The and holding the mask should have the thumb placed on top of the flat surface of the transparent plastic, one or two fingers on the wide transparent base of the mask, and two or three fingers should grab the mandible of the patient. 4. Press down on the transparent part of the mask, while pulling the mandible towards the mask; at the same time the hand holding the mask should not only pull the mandible towards the mask, but should also perform a chin-lift in order to keep the airway open. 5. Using the other hand, depress the bag portion of the BVM in order to ventilate the patient. 6. While pressing the bag portion, listen carefully for air escaping between the mask and the patient, and feel for any resistance while pressing the bag (bagging). 7. Don’t rem ove the bag in order to allow expired air to escape. 8. It is more effective and easier if one person is using both hands to hold the mask in place while another person is bagging. Chest compressions The chest compression technique consists of serial, rhythmic applications of pressure over the lower half of the sternum[4] These compressions provide circulation as a result of a generalised increase in intra-thoracic pressure or direct compression of the heart. [5,6] The patient must be in a horizontal, supine position during chest compressions. Even with properly performed compressions, blood flow to the brain is reduced. Proper hand position is on the lower half of the sternum. It does not matter which method you use to establish the lower half of the sternum, however, the long axis of the heel of the hand is located on the lower half of the long axis of the sternum. The fingers can be interlocked or free, but should be kept off the chest. It is, however, good practice to interlo ck the fingers to ensure that no pressure is exerted on the ribs. People with arthritic hands and/or wrists can use the hand which was used to locate the lower half of the sternum, to grasp the wrist of the hand which is on the chest. [1] Effective chest compressions are achieved by following the guidelines: 1. Your elbows should be locked into position, your arms straightened and your shoulders directly above the patient’s sternum 2. To achieve the most pressure with the least effort, lean forward until your shoulders are directly over your outstretched hands (lean forward until the body reaches natural imbalance – a point at which there would be a sensation of falling forward if the hands and arms were not providing support). The weight of your shoulders, chest and back creates the necessary pressure that makes compressions easier on the arms and shoulders. Natural body weight falling forward provides the force to depress the sternum. 3. The sternum should be depr essed approximately 1? to 2 inches (3. 8 to 5. 1cm) for the normal-sized adult. The depth of compressions may change according to the size of the chest of the patient; a large, barrel-shaped chest may need deeper compressions. The only way to know that your compressions are deep enough is to have somebody feel for palpable carotid pulse. If your compressions create palpable carotid pulse, the compression depth is sufficient. 4. Release pressure on the chest between compressions to allow blood to flow into the chest and heart. The chest must be allowed to return to its normal position. 5. The duration of the compression should be equal to the duration of pressure release: in other words, the time you spend to press down on the chest should be the same as the time you spend to â€Å"come up† from the chest. 6. There should be no pause between compressions in a cycle, don’t pause on top. 7. Do not lift the hands from the chest, you will loose correct hand position. 8. Bouncing compressions, jerky movements, improper hand position and leaning on the chest can decrease the effectiveness of the compressions and can cause injuries. 9. The chest compression rate should be minimum 80 to 100 per minute. [40] Cardiac output resulting from chest compressions is likely to be only 17% – 25% of normal cardiac output. [7] Sequence for Adult One-person CPR 1. Determine unresponsiveness. a. Tap or gently shake the shoulders and shout. b. Consider giving painful stimuli. c. Call for help locally, inform the help of the situation you have. 2. Open the airway a. Position the patient. b. Open the airway by head tilt-chin lift manoeuvre or jaw-thrust. 3. Assess breathing a. Look for signs of breathing for up to 10 seconds. b. If the patient is unresponsive but obviously breathing and if there is no trauma, place the patient in the recovery position and maintain an open airway. c. Ventilate twice using BVM or pocket mask barrier device. d. If unable to v entilate twice, reposition the head and attempt to ventilate again. e. If ventilation is still unsuccessful, perform the foreign body airway obstruction sequence. f. If ventilation is successful, continue to next step. 4. Chest compressions: ? Position yourself properly ? Determine correct hand position Perform 30 compressions at a rate of 100 compressions per minute. ? Open the airway and give two slow ventilations. (1 seconds per ventilation) ? Re-determine proper hand position and begin 30 more compressions at a rate of 100 per minute. ? Continue 30 compressions and 2 breaths until the patient is resuscitated that is breathing returns or the EMS/Ambulance arrives Two-person adult CPR When another person is available to assist you with CPR, the second person can perform the chest compressions when the first person becomes fatigued. This change should be done with as little interruption as possible. The ratio of compressions to breaths remains 30 compressions to 2 breaths. Forei gn body airway obstruction Because early recognition of airway obstruction is vital to a successful outcome, it is important to distinguish between airway obstruction, stroke, heart attack et cetera. Obstruction can be partial or full. If partial, the patient may be able to have sufficient air exchange, and will remain conscious, coughing forcefully and wheezing between coughs. In this case, the patient should be encouraged to continue forceful coughing until the obstruction is cleared and you should not interfere with the patients’ attempts to expel the obstruction. If the obstruction isn’t cleared rapidly, advanced help should be called without delay. A partial obstruction with inadequate air exchange to remain conscious should be treated like a patient with full airway obstruction. With complete airway obstruction the patient will be unable to breath, cough and speak, and may clutch the neck with his hand. Ask the patient if he is choking, even though he cannot s peak, he may nod his head to indicate that he is. In this case, death will follow quickly if action is not taken immediately. The Abdominal Thrust The Abdominal Thrust is recommended for expelling a foreign body from the airway. [13] By applying forceful, upwards and inwards pressure on the abdomen inferior to the diaphragm, the intestine, liver, stomach and spleen is forced upwards, transferring the force to the diaphragm. The diaphragm is displaced upwards, transferring the force directly to the lungs. The pressure generated is then exerted on the obstruction. The aim is to create enough pressure on the obstruction (foreign body), to force the foreign body upwards in the airway, and thus clearing the airway. One should remember that it is very possible to damage internal organs like the abdominal or thoracic viscera, the spleen and the liver while doing the Abdominal Thrust. [14] To minimise this possibility, your hands should never be placed on the xiphoid of the sternum or on the lower margins of the rib cage. They should be below this area but above the navel and in the midline. [42] Abdominal Thrust with patient sitting/standing. [13,14,15] 1. Stand behind patient, wrap your arms around the patient’s waist. 2. Make a fist with one hand. 3. Place the thumb side of the fist against the patient’s abdomen, in the midline and slightly above the navel. 4. Stay well away form the xiphoid process. 5. Grab the fist with the other hand and press the fist into the patient’s abdomen with a quick upward thrust. 6. Repeat the thrusts and continue until the foreign object is expelled or until the patient becomes unconscious. 7. Each thrust should be an independent movement. Abdominal Thrust with patient lying down. [43] 1. Place the patient is supine position. 2. Kneel aside the patient’s thighs and place the heel of one hand against the patient’s abdomen, in the midline and slightly above the navel. 3. Keep well away from th e patient’s xiphoid process. 4. Place the second hand directly on top of the first hand. 5. Press on the abdomen with a quick, upward thrust. 6. Use your body weight and shoulder muscles to perform the manoeuvre. Chest thrusts with patient sitting or standing This technique is only used in the late stage of pregnancy and on markedly obese patients. 1. Stand behind patient with your arms directly under the patient’s armpits, and encircle the chest. 2. Place the heel side of your fist on the centre of the patient’s sternum, avoiding the xiphoid process and the margins of the rib cage. 3. Grab your fist with your other hand and perform backward thrusts until the foreign body is expelled or until the victim becomes unconscious. Chest thrusts with patient lying down. This should be done only in the last stage of pregnancy and when the Heimlich manoeuvre cannot be applied to the conscious/unconscious obese patient. 1. Place the patient on his back and kneel close t o the victim’s side. 2. The hand position is exactly the same as for CPR. 3. Deliver each thrust firmly and distinctly. Management sequence for obstructed airway: 1. Do abdominal thrusts (or chest thrusts for late stages of pregnancy and obese patients), and repeat doing thrusts on the conscious victim until the obstruction is expelled or until the patient becomes unconscious. 2. Open the airway, look in the mouth for any visible obstruction, and attempt to ventilate. If ventilation attempt is unsuccessful; 3. Re-open the airway and attempt to ventilate again. If ventilation is still ineffective; 4. Perform 30 chest compressions 5. Open airway, look inside mouth for visible obstruction and do finger sweep. 6. Attempt ventilation. If ventilation is unsuccessful; 7. Re-open airway and attempt to ventilate again. If unsuccessful; 8. Perform 30 chest compressions 9. Repeat steps 5 to 8 until successful or until death certification. 10. If successful, treat according to patient ’s condition. Head tilt-chin lift. Note that the fingers lifting the chin are not exerting pressure on the soft tissues under the chin. Wrong head tilt-chin lift. Fingers exerting pressure on the soft tissues under the chin can press the tongue towards the palate – causing airway obstruction. Observe for breathing. Recovery position Position of the facemask. Ventilating with a BVM. Note at least two fingers pressing down on the plastic part of the mask to ensure a tight seal between the mask and the face of the patient. Note that at least two fingers should grasp the bony part of the chin and pull it against the BVM facemask. Place the middle finger on the Xiphoid process against the sub-sternal notch and the index finger on the sternum. [pic] Place the heel of the other hand next to the index finger, making sure that the heel is on the lower half of the sternum. Figure. Place the first hand on top of the other hand and interlock the fingers to ensure that there is no pressure on the ribs. Figure. Correct compression position. Note that the elbows are locked, the heel of the lower hand is on the sternum, and the shoulders are directly above the hand and the sternum. Abdominal Thrust in conscious patient (sitting or standing). Abdominal thrusts on an unconscious patient. Chest thrusts on the conscious pregnant or markedly obese patient. Chest thrusts on the unconscious pregnant or markedly obese patient. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advanced First Aid" essay for you Create order